By law, how is a child with a disability defined?

The correct answer encompasses a comprehensive definition of a child with a disability as outlined in federal law, specifically the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). This definition acknowledges a wide range of specific impairments, including intellectual disabilities, sensory impairments (such as hearing and visual), motor impairments, and disorders like autism and emotional disturbances. Crucially, the definition emphasizes that these children require special education and related services to support their unique needs.

This option accurately reflects the legal standards that guide the identification of disabilities, which is critical for ensuring that children receive the appropriate educational interventions and support. The inclusion of specific impairments aligns with IDEA's intent to provide educational opportunities to children with disabilities, facilitating their access to a free appropriate public education.

The other options either contain incomplete definitions or fail to follow the legal framework established by IDEA. For instance, defining a child solely by their inability to reach the same academic goals, regardless of the underlying cause, does not sufficiently address the specific categories of disabilities recognized under the law. Meanwhile, discarding the term "disability" entirely contradicts established terminology in special education.