Which of the following is NOT considered an element of reading fluency?

Reading fluency is primarily characterized by three core elements: rate, accuracy, and prosody.

Rate refers to the speed at which a student reads. It is important because fluent readers can read quickly without sacrificing understanding. Accuracy involves the correct pronunciation and recognition of words, which is crucial for comprehension; fluent readers need to recognize words correctly to maintain meaning. Prosody includes the use of appropriate tone, pitch, and rhythm in reading, which helps convey the meaning and emotion of the text.

In contrast, vocabulary is not an element of fluency itself. While a strong vocabulary is essential for reading comprehension and overall literacy, it does not directly pertain to how fluently a person can read a text. Vocabulary influences a reader's ability to understand what they read but does not influence the fluidity with which they read those words aloud. This distinction makes vocabulary the correct answer as it does not belong to the specific components that define reading fluency.